Jetty11

Owned by Scott Cantor
Last updated: Sept 10, 2024
9 min read

Note that Jetty 11 has reached the end of Jetty’s so-called “Community Support”, meaning it receives only minimal bug fixes. It is expected to reach EOL by Jan 1, 2025, if not sooner. Deployers should consider migrating to Jetty 12 or an alternative soon.

Using Jetty 11.0

These pages are examples and do not reflect any normative requirements or assumptions on the part of the IdP software and may be a mix of suggestions from both the project team and deployers. You should take any of this advice with a grain of local salt and consider general security/deployment considerations appropriate to the use of web software in your local environment.

The official information about containers and versions we support is solely maintained on the SystemRequirements page. If you wish to operate without complete responsibility for your Java servlet container, you may consider the Windows package we provide that installs a version of Jetty with very limited configurability.

The following conventions are used this document:

  • /opt/shibboleth-idp is used to indicate that an absolute path to the IdP installation directory is required

  • idp.home refers to the IdP installation directory (as specified during the installation process)

  • JETTY_HOME refers to the location of the Jetty installation (jetty-home-$VERSION)

  • JETTY_BASE refers to the directory containing your deployment-specific Jetty configuration files

  • All paths are relative to JETTY_BASE unless otherwise noted

We strongly recommend placing all IdP-specific Jetty configuration under JETTY_BASE to facilitate Jetty upgrades. Do not place that directory inside the IdP installation directory; they can be siblings as desired.

Note that while Jetty 9 theoretically allowed for configuration directly within its distribution directory, Jetty 11 requires the recommended home/base split; the distribution itself is always considered read-only.

Do NOT skip the Getting Started section. All of the example material depends on the use of files that have to be downloaded and installed to create an initial jetty-base directory tree.

Version Notes

The latest stable version of Jetty 11 should be used.

Starting from scratch is advisable if upgrading from 9.x, although the changes from 9.4 are not all that extensive except in the area of logging. Migrating from Jetty 10 is a very lateral process; this has held true so far except that the version of logback will be different because of the Servlet API changes in this version. If you use the “recommended” approach of using logback with Jetty, you’ll need a different set of jars appropriate to that version’s logging module(s), which can be added for you per the material below.

Getting Started

The examples on this page are based on the use of a number of files that are not included in the Jetty distribution but are part of the java-idp-jetty-base project we store in our Git repository. The examples won't work as is without starting from that complete set of example files. The 11 branch contains the files used in this material.

The following commands (Linux-style) will get you to the starting point assumed from the examples in this page:

$ git clone https://git.shibboleth.net/git/java-idp-jetty-base $ cd java-idp-jetty-base $ git checkout 11 $ cp -r src/main/resources/jetty-base /my/desired/location/

Required Configuration

The bulk of the configuration is established by setting properties in "ini" files that are combined in the start.d directory. Some of the properties are defined by Jetty and configure built-in modules and others are specific to the IdP and configure the custom modules we created.

The start.d/idp.ini file that configures the “idp” module contains not only the bulk of the basic settings needed but is a place you can add your own settings to control JVM startup, change which logging module is used, etc.

Configure Jetty Modules and JVM Settings

File(s): start.d/start.ini

start.ini
# Any other required Jetty modules...   # Allows setting Java system properties (-Dname=value) # and JVM flags (-X, -XX) in this file # NOTE: spawns child Java process --exec # Uncomment if IdP is installed somewhere other than /opt/shibboleth-idp #-Didp.home=/path/to/shibboleth-idp # Maximum amount of memory that Jetty may use, at least 1.5G is recommended # for handling larger (> 25M) metadata files but you will need to test on # your particular metadata configuration. If MDQ metadata on demand is used, # requirements may be much lower. -Xmx1500m # Prevent blocking for entropy. -Djava.security.egd=file:/dev/urandom # Set Java tmp location -Djava.io.tmpdir=tmp

Configure HTTP/HTTPS Connectors

File(s): credentials/idp-userfacing.p12, start.d/idp.ini

The basic HTTP/HTTPS port, address, etc. configuration can be handled within the custom "idp" module and the idp.ini property file.

The example below shows some of the basic properties you can use to configure networking and TLS credentials.

One challenge remains that if you want to use standard ports, you would need to pick one of these options to avoid running as root:

  1. Use the setuid extension to support listening on the privileged ports as a non-root user.

  2. Use a port forwarding approach (load balancer, iptables rules, etc).

  3. Adjust the range of ports considered privileged if supported by your Linux kernel.

  4. Use POSIX capabilities to allow use of priviledged ports by an unpriviledged process, e.g. when using systemd by setting AmbientCapabilities=CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE 

idp.ini Example
# --------------------------------------- # Module: idp # Shibboleth IdP # --------------------------------------- --module=idp ## Keystore file path (relative to $jetty.base) jetty.sslContext.keyStorePath=../credentials/idp-userfacing.p12 ## Truststore file path (relative to $jetty.base) jetty.sslContext.trustStorePath=../credentials/idp-userfacing.p12 ## Keystore type jetty.sslContext.keyStoreType=PKCS12 ## Truststore type and provider jetty.sslContext.trustStoreType=PKCS12 ## Keystore password jetty.sslContext.keyStorePassword=changeit ## Truststore password jetty.sslContext.trustStorePassword=changeit ## KeyManager password jetty.sslContext.keyManagerPassword=changeit ## Deny SSL renegotiation jetty.sslContext.renegotiationAllowed=false ## Connector host/address to bind to # jetty.ssl.host=0.0.0.0 ## Connector port to listen on jetty.ssl.port=443 ## Allows use of default IdP command line tools. jetty.http.host=127.0.0.1 jetty.http.port=80 ## If you get lots of 400 Invalid SNI errors in your jetty logs, ## and you can't add the necessary hostnames to the ## subjectAlternativeNames in your SSL certificate to make it ## happy, uncomment this line to revert to jetty 9 behavior. # jetty.ssl.sniHostCheck=false

The TLS credential example relies on a PKCS12 file containing the X.509 certificate and private key used to secure the HTTPS channel that users access during authentication and other browser-based message exchanges involving the IdP. This is generally the one you get from a browser-compatible CA, and the example shows it being loaded from a directory inside the JETTY_BASE tree.

A variety of other networking properties can be set based on the built-in Jetty http and https modules; refer to their documentation.

Configure IdP Context Descriptor

File(s): webapps/idp.xml

In order to deploy the IdP, Jetty must be informed of the location of the IdP war file. This file is called a context descriptor and the recommended content is provided below.

Note this file assumes the location of the IdP installation is explicitly set in the file, and controls the context path to which the application is deployed, which is /idp in the following configuration block.

idp.xml

Recommended Configuration

Jetty Logging

File(s): start.d/idp.ini, resources/logback.xml

The recommended approach is to use logback for all Jetty logging. Note that this isn’t required, and the version of logback (or slf4j) used does not depend on the version used by the IdP. They are separately configured and can vary independently.

To enable the logback support in Jetty, first add this to idp.ini:

Then ask Jetty to download the necessary logging libraries by running the --add-module command:

Jetty will populate a lib/logging folder with the 2 logback libraries it requires. If you have older versions there from a previous verion of Jetty, you’ll need to remove them.

If you find that Jetty isn’t producing the logging output expected, you may wish to try adding this to your startup sequence:

The next step is to instruct Jetty to produce its access/request log using the same logging APIs it uses for everything else. This is not a Jetty module at this point, so requires the etc/jetty-requestlog.xml file we provide:

A sample logback configuration for both debug and request logging is provided in resources/logback.xml.

Disable Directory Indexing

Jetty has had vulnerabilities related to directory indexing (sigh) so we suggest disabling that feature at this point. There are a few different ways this can be done, but one method that's fairly self-contained within the IdP footprint is to modify web.xml (i.e. copy the original version from idp.home/dist/webapp/WEB-INF/web.xml to idp.home/edit-webapp/WEB-INF/web.xml) and then rebuild the war file.

web.xml addition

You can place it above the existing <servlet> elements in the file.

TLS Ciphers

As with all web servers, it's a challenge to stay on top of all the best practices related to TLS/SSL versions, ciphers, etc. Jetty has been good of late in shipping reasonable defaults, but they frequently get bad advice pressuring them to be "more interoperable", so it's hard to count on things staying good. It's usually best to be in a position to make adjustments to this quickly, and test after upgrades.

Jetty documents a way to adjust this sort of thing here. The basic procedure is to create a file at etc/tls-config.xml to adjust the settings. You should do some testing against SSL Labs or some other source of information to evaluate what the defaults look like and make any adjustments you think are warranted.

Optional Configuration

Supporting SOAP Endpoints

File(s): /opt/shibboleth-idp/credentials/idp-backchannel.p12, etc/idp-backchannel.xml, modules/idp-backchannel.mod, start.d/idp-backchannel.ini

If you do need this support, these connections generally require special security properties that are not appropriate for user-facing/browser use. Therefore an additional endpoint must be configured.

  1. The jetty94-dta-ssl-1.0.0.jar (asc) plugin (the name hasn’t changed because Jetty 11 supports the same extension API) can be placed in JETTY_BASE/lib/ext

  2. We provide a backchannel module to control the feature and turn it on or off.

  3. Adjust JETTY_BASE/start.d/idp-backchannel.ini as required:

  4. Modify JETTY_BASE/etc/idp-backchannel.xml if desired. You get more control over the TLS settings if you need them, but normally this file is just used to plug in the properties we support from the ini file.

Other Modules

Jetty has a ton of advanced and optional functionality available in the form of modules that can be enabled selectively. They don't function in the way Apache modules do, but they're basically packaged "example" configuration files that will get copied from JETTY_HOME into JETTY_BASE when you need them and you get "just" the minimum files needed to support the feature but keep future upgrades simple.

To enable a module, you run the Jetty start file from within JETTY_BASE:

Supporting X-Forwarded-For Natively

If you are running the Jetty engine behind a proxy or load balancer Jetty has built-in support for forwarding the client address and other details via headers using its “http-forwarded” module, and after adding it with the --add-module command (see previous section) you can edit the https-forwarded.ini file it will create to configure it.

Note that this example applies the forwarding rule to all ports, so if you also operate the server on other ports, those must also be proxied/protected or this will lead to exposures due to clients having the ability to smuggle in a false client address.

Local Proxying via Apache

If your IdP is behind Apache rather than proxied via a load balancer, you might only need it to listen for HTTP traffic locally. This is not applicable in general to load balancing via an applicance like an F5 or NetScaler.

At present, this involves commenting out or removing two lines from the [depend] section of idp.mod: the lines containing https and ssl.

The http-forwarded module mentioned above is also required so that requests coming to the IdP aren't seen as coming from localhost.

Finally, make sure the jetty.http.host and jetty.http.port properties are set apropriately in idp.ini, or remove them from there and add them to http.ini.

Since 8080 is the default http port for Jetty, It's also okay to leave this unset. That change will confine Jetty to listen locally only rather than over a network.